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src="http://ujianfei.com/static/picture/nindex2_1.jpg" >??? 行業(yè)新聞 </div> <div id="evh23i2" class="nindexR1R"> 當前位置： <a href='http://.hk115-65.lfw.cn.comhttp://ujianfei.com'>主頁(yè)</a> > <a href='/style/hyzx/'>環(huán)亞資訊</a> > <a href='/style/hyxw/'>行業(yè)新聞</a> > 細數那些社會(huì )資本在ppp項目中曾經(jīng)跳過(guò)的坑 </div> </div> <div id="2qd6vim" class="ninfoto">  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://ujianfei.com/static/css/jquery.jqzoom.css" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ujianfei.com/static/js/jquery.jqzoom-core.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { $('.jqzoom').jqzoom({ zoomType: 'standard', lens:true, preloadImages: false, alwaysOn:false, zoomWidth: 320, zoomHeight: 250 }); }); </script> <div id="msermob" class="product_detail" id="pd1"> <h6 style="text-align: center;"><strong>? <span style="font-size: 24px;color: #333">細數那些社會(huì )資本在ppp項目中曾經(jīng)跳過(guò)的坑</span></strong> <p class="smal-hide"><span>發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-11-26 13:04</span> <span>點(diǎn)擊：<script src="/hyhb/count.php?view=yes&aid=1237&mid=1" type='text/javascript' language="javascript"></script></span></p> </h6> <div id="ynau6te" class="wznr"><div> 前段時(shí)間，東方園林的欠薪事件引起了業(yè)界的軒然大波，雖然東方園林事后公告將盡*大努力解決欠薪問(wèn)題，但從園林第*股到今天的窘境還是讓人唏噓，不可否認的是東方園林因近幾年P(guān)PP項目的大肆擴張導致了公司的現金流異常緊張，從東方園林也可以看到社會(huì )資本在這一輪PPP浪潮中的縮影，開(kāi)始時(shí)社會(huì )資本參與熱情很高，但缺乏對PPP的認識，不具備相應的風(fēng)險管理能力，導致很多社會(huì )資本在PPP中吃到了一些苦頭，筆者結合工作經(jīng)歷簡(jiǎn)要的盤(pán)點(diǎn)下社會(huì )資本跳過(guò)的坑。</div> <div> 1 低價(jià)中標<br /> <img alt="" src="/uploads/allimg/191126/1-191126130T1120.jpg" style="width: 750px; height: 563px;" /></div> <div> 都說(shuō)低價(jià)中標是“坑死甲方，害死同行，逼死自己”，但往往社會(huì )資本卻是*容易跳進(jìn)低價(jià)坑里，施工類(lèi)社會(huì )資本更是如此，導致社會(huì )資本低價(jià)中標的原因除了對PPP了解不足和缺乏專(zhuān)業(yè)投資分析外，*重要的原因是社會(huì )資本往往為獲取項目寧愿低價(jià)甚至虧本嫌吆喝，以至于2017年出現了的中鐵建港航局在東營(yíng)港區進(jìn)港航道及導堤工程的PPP項目中雙零中標情況。由于PPP項目的投資額通常較大，帶動(dòng)的業(yè)務(wù)范圍較廣（如勘察設施和設備材料采購等），施工類(lèi)社會(huì )資本往往認為在這一輪基建模式浪潮中不積極作為將錯失搶占市場(chǎng)的先機，簡(jiǎn)單的把PPP項目競爭變成施工類(lèi)項目的價(jià)格競爭，錯把PPP的投資關(guān)系理解為BT下的借貸關(guān)系，以致于出現了很多按照貸款基準利率上浮一點(diǎn)的來(lái)計取合理利潤的項目，姑且不論項目的財務(wù)測算結果如何，若僅考慮稅負成本和付費還貸的時(shí)間差，這樣的收益率恐怕也很難平衡融資成本，但由于PPP項目可以實(shí)現兩標并一標，施工類(lèi)社會(huì )資本為了獲取PPP項目的工程建設，項目正常的收益率要求被忽視，反而更看重項目的工程費用下浮點(diǎn)數。</div> <div> PPP項目投資的長(cháng)期性和低收益與施工類(lèi)社會(huì )資本要求的短平快具有先天的矛盾性，但施工類(lèi)社會(huì )資本往往只看到了眼前的施工利潤，或者即使意識到這個(gè)問(wèn)題但由于國企中存在的委托代理問(wèn)題，使得國企的決策者僅關(guān)心短期內的業(yè)務(wù)合同額，對項目未來(lái)的長(cháng)期投資收益情況視而不見(jiàn)，這點(diǎn)與政府領(lǐng)導只關(guān)心任期的發(fā)展，而不關(guān)心未來(lái)融資償債一樣。但隨著(zhù)這幾年P(guān)PP理念的推廣，越來(lái)越多的社會(huì )資本開(kāi)始建立比較完善的投資決策制度和監督體系，對項目的收益率也出臺了硬性*低要求，這也是PPP市場(chǎng)的良性回歸；價(jià)格本應該是項目投資風(fēng)險的綜合價(jià)值體現，社會(huì )資本切勿不顧成本的為承攬項目而對風(fēng)險大包大攬。</div> <div> 2 融資不能</div> <div> 融資不能包含了資本金出資和債務(wù)融資兩個(gè)方面。從財金92號文開(kāi)始要求債務(wù)性資金不得充當資本金，資管新規又阻斷了理財資金進(jìn)入PPP項目的通道，PPP項目的資本金出資能力就對社會(huì )資本是個(gè)極大考驗，即使在社會(huì )資本層面可以通過(guò)借貸資金充當項目公司資本金，但出資能力也受限于社會(huì )資本的融資能力，融資也沒(méi)法滿(mǎn)足PPP的長(cháng)期投資要求；若在社會(huì )資本層面也要求以自有資金出資設立項目公司，那社會(huì )資本能夠投資的PPP項目總量就非常有限了，除非對社會(huì )資本進(jìn)行增資，對于那些攤子鋪得比較大的社會(huì )資本，已經(jīng)開(kāi)始出現資本金無(wú)法到位的情形。</div> <div> 對于債務(wù)融資，由于目前大部分金融機構對于融資主體信用和抵押資產(chǎn)的偏好，對于PPP項目的預期收益還無(wú)法真正實(shí)現有限追索融資，一般都需要社會(huì )資本額外對項目公司提供增信擔?；蛄鲃?dòng)性支持，這無(wú)疑都增加了社會(huì )資本的或有負債，在國資發(fā)財管[2017]192號嚴控央企擔保行為后，很多國企都明確無(wú)法進(jìn)行擔保，由于金融機構要求社會(huì )資本擔保與社會(huì )資本無(wú)法擔保的矛盾增加了債務(wù)融資的難度。若融資不到位，已開(kāi)工項目*終都會(huì )成為墊資施工，造成的影響可想而知，于是很多社會(huì )資本明確表示融資不到位不開(kāi)工，這也是為什么很多項目雖然按財政部口徑已落地（即PPP項目合同已簽訂），但實(shí)際執行效果不理想的原因之一。</div> <div> 3 前期手續不備</div> <div> 項目前期手續包含的內容很多，主要有項目合理性和必要性的論證，項目選址和征拆，項目的前期審批手續等方面。</div> <div> 在合理性和必要性方面，社會(huì )資本往往認為是政府要做的事，與自己無(wú)關(guān)，其實(shí)不然。實(shí)踐中經(jīng)常出現的超概現象往往就是對項目投資的合理性論證不足導致的，超概的風(fēng)險卻往往由社會(huì )資本買(mǎi)單；實(shí)踐在經(jīng)常出現的政府建設期內核減建設內容和投資額也是對項目的必要性論證不足導致的，在項目是否符合規劃要求，農轉非是否具有建設用地指標等未落實(shí)情況下，項目執行過(guò)程中必然會(huì )有不確定性，政府一般也不會(huì )因為減少投資額而對社會(huì )資本進(jìn)行額外補償，但對社會(huì )資本而言可能由于項目變更導致收益率無(wú)法達到要求了。</div> <div> 項目的選址和征拆雖然往往是政府的責職，但卻是影響項目實(shí)施的重要因素，很多的項目因為征拆問(wèn)題導致建設期延誤，給予社會(huì )資本的補償通常僅是建設期順延，產(chǎn)生的窩工費和運營(yíng)期付費延遲等風(fēng)險往往要社會(huì )資本來(lái)承擔，所以，項目征拆也必是社會(huì )資本必須關(guān)注的重要問(wèn)題。對于周邊環(huán)境有重大環(huán)境影響的項目，項目選址就顯得比較重要的了，筆者親歷的一個(gè)垃圾處理項目因選址不當遭到當地居民的反對，政府迫于壓力另行選址，因項目選址變更導致邊界條件發(fā)生重大變化，社會(huì )資本的承擔的風(fēng)險可想而知。</div> <div> 項目的前期審批手續包含了工可批復、法人變更、用地批復和規劃批復等內容。工可批復屬于實(shí)施PPP模式的前置條件，但前期也存在工可未批復（或以建議書(shū)批復替代）實(shí)施的PPP模式的不規范現象，很多社會(huì )資本對工可批復也置若罔聞。對于前期審批手續，社會(huì )資本要明確法人是否變更，若變更，后續報批的主體由項目公司負責，相應的審批風(fēng)險也由項目公司承擔，這時(shí)應該關(guān)注政府方提供的協(xié)助義務(wù)。若法人主體未變更，前期報批手續的責任還在原項目法人，此時(shí)應關(guān)心項目公司承擔的義務(wù)是什么，若出現無(wú)法審批或未及時(shí)審批，責任如何劃分？這都是社會(huì )資本應該關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)，未批先建不但可能觸發(fā)合同的違約條款，還會(huì )面臨主管部門(mén)的行政處罰。筆者實(shí)施的一個(gè)項目由于用地未及時(shí)報批，社會(huì )資本迫于政府的進(jìn)度壓力未批先建，項目占用農地被國土部稽查后給予行政處罰罰款，因事先未約定責任劃分，這筆罰單只能由社會(huì )資本買(mǎi)單。</div> <div> 4 運營(yíng)能力不足</div> <div> PPP的重心在運營(yíng)，運營(yíng)的成效需要通過(guò)績(jì)效考核來(lái)體現，以往的工程類(lèi)PPP項目中，社會(huì )資本以對此認識不足。一來(lái)無(wú)運營(yíng)經(jīng)驗，沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗數據值來(lái)判斷運營(yíng)費用能否履蓋運營(yíng)的范圍并達到運營(yíng)標準；二來(lái)在92號文之前工程類(lèi)PPP項目普遍都沒(méi)有建設成本與運營(yíng)績(jì)效考核掛鉤，使得社會(huì )資本的建設成本回收無(wú)風(fēng)險，運營(yíng)費用相比建設成本又較少，致使社會(huì )資本普遍不重視運營(yíng)，都指望后期通過(guò)委托第三方來(lái)實(shí)施運營(yíng)，實(shí)現運營(yíng)風(fēng)險轉移，但在10號文的出臺之后，建設成本需要完全跟績(jì)效考核掛鉤，以前那些通過(guò)面上付費完成百分之百與績(jì)效掛鉤，但實(shí)際未扣款的變相降低績(jì)效考核標準的做法在10號文中也得到了禁止，這將迫使社會(huì )資本不得不開(kāi)始重視運營(yíng)；三是，以往社會(huì )資本較少關(guān)注績(jì)效考核方案，除自身對績(jì)效考核缺乏了解之外，很大程度上是因為很多項目的績(jì)效考核方案制訂得較為泛泛，后續評價(jià)的彈性空間很大，社會(huì )資本也較難提出針對性的建議，但這些不完善或不可執行的績(jì)效考核方案給未來(lái)的考核埋下了糾紛的隱患。</div> <div> 運營(yíng)是否達標將直接決定政府的付費或補貼，這是社會(huì )資本應該意識到PPP的應有之意，若自身不具備承受運營(yíng)風(fēng)險的能力，可以通過(guò)風(fēng)險轉移方式讓合適的一方去承擔，實(shí)在不行就直接風(fēng)險回避不參與PPP項目了，以免因運營(yíng)績(jì)效考核不達標而血本無(wú)歸。</div> <div> 5 無(wú)視合規</div> <div> 社會(huì )資本往往以為合規性是政府要遵守的規則，出臺的規范性文件也都是約束政府方的，對于已方是否需要遵守可靈活掌握，在財政部未清理規范PPP之前社會(huì )資本普遍存在這種心理。以致于社會(huì )資本為降低風(fēng)險，要求將建設成本提前支付、運營(yíng)轉包給政府方、保證*低收益等，或者只是面上保證合規為完成入庫，私下再與政府簽訂陰陽(yáng)合同。</div> <div> 這些無(wú)視合規性的社會(huì )資本*終都會(huì )嘗到惡果，隨著(zhù)財政部清理規范PPP，項目不合規就隨時(shí)面臨清庫的風(fēng)險，項目清庫了后，政府是可以不安排預算支出責任的；由于私下的抽屜協(xié)議未通過(guò)招標投標確定，當與中標備案的合同不一致時(shí)，也必然導致抽屜協(xié)議無(wú)效。除此之外，項目不合規還面臨融資困難（金融機構對合規性審查要求極嚴）和后續審計整改的問(wèn)題。因此，社會(huì )資本更應該重視合規性問(wèn)題，切莫打自己的如意算盤(pán)而撿了芝麻丟了西瓜。</div> <div> 上述聊到的幾點(diǎn)其實(shí)都是社會(huì )資本風(fēng)險管理能力不足導致的，當然，社會(huì )資本承擔的風(fēng)險和失敗的案例情形也遠不止上述幾種，前幾年P(guān)PP亦?；鸨苍斐闪松鐣?huì )資本的不理性，很多社會(huì )資本既不重視風(fēng)險控制又不重視風(fēng)險管理能力的提升，不但沒(méi)因PPP而獲利，反而被PPP套牢了，反過(guò)來(lái)看，那些社會(huì )資本跳過(guò)的坑，走過(guò)的路也終將使其在PPP的路上走得更加堅實(shí)。PPP的發(fā)展也離不開(kāi)理性的社會(huì )資本，隨著(zhù)社會(huì )資本對PPP認識的加強，市場(chǎng)也在逐步趨向成熟，越來(lái)越多的社會(huì )資本建立了風(fēng)險控制的組織，制訂了風(fēng)險管理制度，開(kāi)始運用自身掌握的資源制訂有針對性的風(fēng)險控制措施。</div> </div> <p id="cztz">版權聲明：本網(wǎng)注明來(lái)源為“環(huán)亞環(huán)?！钡奈淖?、圖片內容，版權均屬本站所有，如若轉載，請注明本文出處：http://ujianfei.com 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